Earth-Moon space research remains a frontier field with several unresolved scientific and technical challenges, which can be categorized as follows:
1. Space Environment & Radiation Protection
Particle radiation mechanisms: The absence of Earth’s magnetic field exposes spacecraft and astronauts to intense cosmic rays and solar wind, requiring advanced shielding solutions.
Extreme thermal conditions: Lunar surface temperatures range from -170°C to 130°C, demanding robust thermal control systems for equipment4.
2. Orbital Dynamics & Navigation
Complex trajectory design: Balancing gravitational influences from Earth, Moon, and Sun during transfers necessitates precise fuel-efficient maneuvers.
Autonomous deep-space navigation: Current ground-based tracking is insufficient for lunar distances, highlighting the need for satellite-to-satellite navigation (e.g., inter-satellite microwave links)
3. Resource Utilization & Sustainability
In-situ resource extraction: Technologies for harvesting hydrogen/oxygen from lunar regolith remain experimental due to radiation and processing challenges.
Infrastructure scalability: Establishing permanent lunar bases requires breakthroughs in energy (e.g., nuclear/solar) and automated construction.
4. Crewed Mission Technologies
Precision landing: Lunar terrain (craters, rilles) demands meter-level landing accuracy, while dust mitigation is critical for equipment longevity.
Long-term life support: Closed-loop systems must address radiation, microgravity, and psychological stressors for sustained habitation.
5. Governance & Collaboration
International frameworks for orbital/frequency allocation in Earth-Moon space are underdeveloped, risking future conflicts.
Future Directions
Fundamental science: Investigate cosmic ray interactions and lunar geological evolution.
Technology: Develop AI-driven autonomous probes and “digital twin” simulations for mission planning.
These challenges directly impact the feasibility of China’s 2030 crewed lunar missions and beyond
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Post time: May-30-2025